• After brain injury adenosine levels rapidly increase

  2022-02-17

  

  After brain injury, adenosine levels rapidly increase in the brain [9,10]. As shown in our previous studies, the increased adenosine concentration acts on adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), increasing post-traumatic glutamate levels in the brain and exacerbating the severity of injuries [11,12]. Accor

• Interestingly mGlu and mGlu receptors differ

  2022-02-17

  

  Interestingly, mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors differ notably by their cellular distribution. Whereas mGlu2 receptors are mostly neuronal, mGlu3 receptors are expressed both in glia and in neurons. In neurons, mGlu3 receptors are present at the post-synapse and in presynaptic elements (Tamaru et al., 2001

• GPR can signal through not only IP but also

  2022-02-17

  

  GPR40 can signal through not only IP3 but also cAMP depending upon the type of agonist ligand used. A full agonist engages both signaling mechanisms in contrast to the endogenous long-chain fatty gpr40 agonist (LCFA) ligands and partial agonists. Thus, stimulation of GPR40 by endogenous LCFAs or by

• A number of anti diabetic drugs are available that

  2022-02-17

  

  A number of anti-diabetic drugs are available that inhibit α-glucosidase activity, including acarbose, voglibose and miglitol [6,7]. These inhibitors, however, also exhibit undesirable side effects, such as adverse gastrointestinal symptoms and liver toxicity [8,9]. For diabetics, it would therefore

• NS 1619 Although most of the incretin effects on glucose met

  2022-02-17

  

  Although most of the incretin effects on NS 1619 metabolism can be secondary to their action on insulin/glucagon secretion, some evidence strongly suggests that they could also act directly on liver glucose utilization and production [4], [13], [22], [27], [34], [44]. Supporting this concept, Ayala

• Bile acids BAs are critical for

  2022-02-16

  

  Bile acids (BAs) are critical for facilitating the Aurora Kinase Inhibitor III synthesis of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins in the intestines [6], [7]. At physiological levels, BAs function as signaling molecules and activate specific nuclear receptors [farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane

• The first FPR ligand described is the fMLF peptide which

  2022-02-16

  

  The first FPR1 ligand described is the fMLF peptide, which binds with high affinity (in the nM range) to and activates FPR1. Formylated peptides derived from Listeria monocytogenes also selectively activate FPR1 [10] (Table 1). Formylation of peptides also occurs in mitochondria. Thus, the release o

• Author contribution br Funding This work was supported by

  2022-02-16

  

  Author contribution Funding This work was supported by funding from St Vincent’s AMR. Hologic provided Panther equipment and Aptima HCV Quant Dx Viral Load assays. The sponsors had no rule in the analysis and interpretation of the study results, the manufacturer of reagents used in this study d

• Previous studies have established that phosphorylation of GC

  2022-02-16

  

  Previous studies have established that phosphorylation of GC-B is required for activation of GC-B. Conversion of all six chemically determined serine and threonine phosphorylation sites in GC-B to alanines produced a properly folded enzyme that retained GC activity under synthetic detergent activati

• Alzheimer s disease AD is a neurodegenerative

  2022-02-15

  

  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and characterized by the presence of abnormal filamentous protein inclusions in nerve cells of the brain [2]. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD were first reported by Alois Alzheimer and date back to 1907 [3], [4]. These inclusions are for

• br Introduction Marijuana remains the most widely used illeg

  2022-02-15

  

  Introduction Marijuana remains the most widely used illegal drug (Murray et al., 2007), and its validated targets include plasma membrane cannabinoid receptors, many of which are found in the central nervous system. The diverse physiological effects produced by marijuana and cannabinoid ligands s

• In women with stage I II endometriosis no difference in

  2022-02-15

  

  In women with stage I–II endometriosis [17], no difference in the implantation rate per embryo or in the clinical pregnancy rate per transfer was noted between GnRH-agonist and GnRH-antagonist protocol (18.2% vs. 15.4%, P=0.9 and 31.2% vs. 30%, P=1, respectively). It has been suggested that either

• Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from th

  2022-02-15

  

  Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon[20]. Shikonin treatment inhibits AKT and ERK signaling pathways and induces apoptosis through FOXO transcription factors and mitochondrial pathway [21], [22]. Recent results suggest inhibition of l

• L Family Leguminosae widely distributed in tropical

  2022-02-15

  

  L. (Family Leguminosae) widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As a medicinal and edible plant, it is widely used in Asia, especially in China, Korea, Japan and India. It was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (神农本草经), and was described having the effect of cleari

• br FXR FGF in the control of BAs synthesis The

  2022-02-15

  

  FXR–FGF15/19 in the control of BAs synthesis The nuclear receptor FXR is the master regulator of BAs homeostasis, modulating their synthesis, KNK437 and uptake [15]. FXR decreases BA de novo hepatic biosynthesis by reducing the expression of CYP7A1. At the canalicular membrane, newly-synthesized

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